PMC

Demonstrating the user friendliness of the miniature lithium heater. (A) Process of adding a soluble mixture of powders and mineral oil. Once lithium is compressed into a mold and sealed at one end, a retaining ring is acetone welded to the other end. To this ring, 10 µL of mineral oil is added, followed by required amounts of SDS and mannitol. (B) Stability of the heater at 20% and 70% RH compared to bare lithium (n = 3). Heaters retain performance for 4 wk without requiring any additional packaging. (C) Comparison of delivering precise amounts of SDS using pipettes vs. with a miniature heater (n = 3). A t test was conducted to determine statistical significance (N.S., not statistically significant). (D) Spill simulation comparing bare lithium to miniature heater (n = 1). Representative profile of bare lithium as it reaches high temperatures within a matter of seconds compared to the miniature heater that takes over 6 min, allowing enough time to react to the spill.

Model industrial thermal power plant. BFWP—boiler feedwater pump; CP—condensate pump; CHTW—chemically treated water; CW—cooling water; HFO—heavy fuel oil; HTBFWH—high-temperature boiler feedwater heater; LTBFWH—low-temperature boiler feedwater heater; RE—regulated extraction. Source: own elaboration.

Temperature profiles in case of using passive solar heating and oil heater.

Temperature profiles and oil heater activity (20–22 °C temperature constraints).